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This page contains the memorandum introducing the course, class schedule, reading materials, and class notes for the Merger Antitrust Law course taught during the 2023 fall semester at Georgetown. It also contains links to related supplemental materials on the Applied Antitrust web site. There is no textbook for this course. Everything you need will be linked to this page. Introduction and "Rules of the Road" Memorandum (revised Aug. 8, 2024) DOJ/FTC Merger Guidelines (rev. Dec. 18, 2023)
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Required Reading |
Comments and Optional Reading |
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Unit 1 |
Merger Antitrust Law: TransDigm/Takata |
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Class 1 |
Tuesday, August 27 Introduction to course |
Introduction and "Rules of the Road" Memorandum (revised Aug. 8, 2024) Merger Antitrust Law: Introduction to Substance and Process (class notes) Class 1 homework assignment (optional in the first week)
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TransDigm/Takata case study (complete) Note on Antitrust Hornbooks and Other Study Aids Demand curves and consumer surplus (YouTube videos): Marginal Revolution University, The Demand Curve Marginal Revolution University, A Deeper Look at the Demand Curve Marginal Revolution University, What Is Consumer Surplus? Marginal Revolution University, What Is Producer Surplus? Marginal Revolution University, What Is Deadweight Loss? Deadweight Loss- Key Graphs of Microeconomics Consumer welfare and alternative goals of antitrust law ± Stigler Center, Defining the Consumer Welfare Standard (Apr. 20, 2023) ± ABA Section of Antitrust Law, Is Consumer Welfare In Hot Water? (Sep't 9, 2022) (YouTube) (transcript) Twombly/Iqbal Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007) Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009) |
Unit 2 |
Predicting Merger Antitrust Enforcement Challenges |
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Class 2 |
Thursday, August 29 Predicting merger antitrust enforcement challenges DOJ/FTC 2010 Horizontal Merger Guidelines
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Predicting Merger Antitrust Enforcement Challenges (class notes) Class 2 homework assignment (optional in the first week)
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Changes in antitrust enforcement policy ± Susan Athey & Aviv Nevo, DOJ and FTC Chief Economists Explain the Changes to the 2023 Merger Guidelines, ProMarket.org (Dec. 19, 2023) Lina M. Khan, Chair. Fed. Trade Comm'n, Remarks As Prepared for Delivery Economic Club of New York, New York, NY (July 24, 2023), ± Oversight of Federal Enforcement of the Antitrust Laws, Hearing before the Subcomm. on Competition Policy, Antitrust, and Consumer Rights of the S. Comm. on the Judiciary (Sept. 20, 2022) (video) Jonathan Kanter. Ass't Att'y Gen., Antitrust Div., U.S. Dep't of Justice (prepared statement) Lina M. Khan, Chair. Fed. Trade Comm'n, Remarks Prepared for Delivery at the Fordham Annual Conference on International Antitrust Law & Policy, New York, NY (Sept. 16, 2022) Jonathan Kanter, Ass't Att'y Gen. Antitrust Div., U.S. Dep't of Justice, Respecting the Antitrust Laws and Reflecting Market Realities, Prepared Remarks Before the Georgetown Antitrust Law Symposium, Washington, DC (Sept. 13, 2022) Noah Joshua Phillips, Comm'nr, Fed. Trade Comm'n, Disparate Impact: Winners And Losers From The New M&A Policy, Prepared Remarks Before the Eighth Annual Berkeley Spring Forum on M&A and the Boardroom, San Francisco, CA (Apr. 27, 2022) ± Jeffrey T. Macher, John W. Mayo, David Sappington & Mark Whitener, The Evolution of Judicial Standards: Evidence from Litigated Merger Trials (Georgetown McDonough School of Business Research Paper No. 3809174, June 5, 2022). Logan Billman & Steven C. Salop, Merger Enforcement Statistics: 2001-2020 (Nov. 4, 2022) The 2010 Horizontal Merger Guidelines Evolution of the Merger Guidelines (not yet updated to include the 2023 Draft DOJ/FTC Draft Merger Guidelines) ± Carl Shapiro & Howard Shelanski, Judicial Response to the 2010 Horizontal Merger Guidelines, 58 Rev. Indus. Org. 51 (2021) ± Joseph Farrell & Carl Shapiro, The 2010 Horizontal Merger Guidelines After 10 Years, 58 Rev. Indus. Org. 1 (2021) ± Carl Shapiro, The 2010 Horizontal Merger Guidelines: From Hedgehog to Fox in Forty Years, 77 Antitrust 701 (2010). 2022-23 Merger Guidelines revision project Press Release, U.S. Dept. of Justice & Fed. Trade Comm'n, Justice Department and Federal Trade Commission Seek to Strengthen Enforcement Against Illegal Mergers (Jan. 18, 2022) Press Release, Fed. Trade Comm'n, FTC and DOJ Seek Comment on Draft Merger Guidelines (July 19, 2023) Press Release, U.S. Dep't of Justice, Justice Department and FTC Seek Comment on Draft Merger Guidelines (July 19, 2023) U.S. Dep’t of Justice & Fed. Trade Comm’n, Draft Merger Guidelines (July 19, 2023) U.S. Dep’t of Justice & Fed. Trade Comm’n, Fact Sheet–2023 Draft Merger Guidelines for Public Comment (July 19, 2023) |
Unit 3 |
Some Merger Antitrust History |
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Class 3 |
Tuesday, September 3 |
A Brief History of Antitrust Law (class notes)
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Commentary ± Herbert Hovenkamp, The Slogans and Goals of Antitrust Law (June 14, 2022). Dale Collins, Antitrust on the Brink: The Calls for Radical Reform, Presentation to the Antitrust Law Association (Sept. 16, 2021) (slides) Christine S. Wilson, Comm'r, Fed. Trade Comm'n, The Neo-Brandeisian Revolution: Unforced Errors and the Diminution of the FTC, Prepared Remarks for the ABA Antitrust Law Section’s 2021 Fall Forum (Nov. 9, 2021) ± Herbert Hovenkamp & Fiona Scott Morton, Framing the Chicago School of Antitrust Analysis, 168 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1843 (2020) ± Carl Shapiro, Antitrust in a Time of Populism, 61 Int'l J. Indus. Org. 714 (2018).
Withdrawal of FTC 2015 Section 5 Policy Statement Fed. Trade Comm'n, Statement of Enforcement Principles Regarding “Unfair Methods of Competition” Under Section 5 of the FTC Act (2015) FTC video of July 1, 2021, open meeting (excerpts of Section 5 Policy Statement discussion) NB: This is a very large file that needs to be downloaded before it can be played. Alternatively, go to the complete streaming version on the FTC web page, listen to the introduction up to the first issue and then skip to around 43:20 Congressional testimony Oversight of Federal Enforcement of the Antitrust Laws: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Competition Policy, Antitrust & Consumer Rights of the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 117th Cong. (Sept. 20, 2022) (statement of the Federal Trade Commission) Dissenting Statement of Commissioners Noah Joshua Phillips and Christine S. Wilson, Federal Trade Commission (Sept. 20, 2022)
2022 FTC Section 5 Policy Statement Policy Statement Regarding the Scope of Unfair Methods of Competition Under Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (Nov. 10, 2022) (3-1 vote) Press Release, Fed. Trade Comm'n, FTC Restores Rigorous Enforcement of Law Banning Unfair Methods of Competition (Nov. 10, 2022) Statement of Chair Lina M. Khan Joined by Commissioner Rebecca Kelly Slaughter and Commissioner Alvaro M. Bedoya (Nov. 10, 2022) Statement of Commissioner Alvaro M. Bedoya, Joined by Chair Lina M. Khan and Commissioner Rebecca Kelly Slaughter (Nov. 10, 2022) Dissenting Statement of Commissioner Christine S. Wilson (Nov. 10, 2022) |
Unit 4 |
The DOJ/FTC Merger Review Process |
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Class 4 |
Thursday, September 5 Settlements Kroger/Albertsons |
The DOJ/FTC Merger Review Process (class notes) Class 4 homework assignment #1 Optional: Albertsons/Safeway case study (complete) Class 4 homework assignment #2 (preparation for client meeting)
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± Hart-Scott-Rodino Act, Clayton Act § 7A, 18 U.S.C. § 18a (Premerger notification and waiting period) ± HSR Form (ver. 1.0.2) (updated Aug. 4, 2017) ± HSR form instructions (Sept. 25, 2019) Revised Jurisdictional Thresholds for Section 7A of the Clayton Act, 89 Fed. Reg. 7708 (Feb. 5, 2024) (effective Mar. 6, 2024) Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act of 2022 (contained in the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2023, Pub. L. No. 117-328, Div. GG, 136 Stat. 4459, ____ (Dec. 29, 2022)). "Clearance" U.S. Gov't Accountability Office, DOJ and FTC Jurisdictions Overlap, but Conflicts Are Infrequent (Jan. 2023) Preliminary investigations ± John W. Mayo, Robert Press & Mark Whitener, Understanding Early-Stage Merger Investigations: What Drives the Antitrust Agencies? (Sept. 2023) Second request investigations DOJ Model Second Request (Apr. 2022) FTC Model Second Request (Oct. 2021) Model timing agreements DOJ Model Timing Agreement (July 2022) FTC Model Timing Agreement (Feb. 2019) Privilege Order re Petition to Limit or Quash Subpoenas Ad Testificandum Dated April 24, 2009, File No. 091-0064 (F.T.C. July 21, 2009) (in the FTC’s investigation of Thoratec Corp.’s pending acquisition of HeartWare International) Blockbuster "substantial compliance" second request litigation Complaint for Injunctive Relief Pursuant to Section 7A(g)(2) of the Clayton Act and Section 13(b} of the Federal Trade Commission Act, FTC v. Blockbuster. Inc., No. 1:05-cv-00463-ESH (D.D.C. filed Mar. 4, 2005) Docket sheet (downloaded Aug. 5, 2023) Motion for Order Pursuant to Section 7A(g)(2) of the Clayton Act and Section 13(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act--Mar. 4, 2005 Supporting memorandum filed under seal FTC's reply filed under seal Notice of Settlement (Mar. 9, 2005) Agreed Order Regarding Extension of Hart-Scott-Rodino Waiting Period (Mar. 9, 2005) Dismissed with prejudice (Mar 9, 2005)
Withdrawal of FTC 1995 Policy Statement on Prior Approvals Press Release, Fed. Trade Comm’n, FTC Acts To Reduce Prior-Approval Burden on Companies in Merger Cases (June 22, 1995) Fed. Trade Comm'n, Notice and Request for Comment Regarding Statement of Policy Concerning Prior Approval and Prior Notice Provisions in Merger Cases, 60 Fed. Reg. 39745 (Aug. 3, 1995). Press Release, Fed. Trade Comm’n, FTC Rescinds 1995 Policy Statement that Limited the Agency’s Ability to Deter Problematic Mergers (July 21, 2021). Dissenting Statement of Commissioner Noah Joshua Phillips (July 21, 2021)
Other supplemental materials ± FTC Competition Enforcement Database: Merger Enforcement Actions (since 1996) ± FTC Enforcement: Cases and Proceedings ± DOJ Merger Enforcement web page ± DOJ and FTC, Hart-Scott-Rodino Annual Report: Fiscal Year 2021 (Feb. 2023) (latest published report) Makan Delrahim, It Takes Two: Modernizing the Merger Review Process, Prepared Remarks Before the 2018 Global Antitrust Enforcement Symposium, Washington, DC (Sept. 25, 2018)
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Unit 5 |
Merger Antitrust Settlements |
For additional supplemental materials, see 13. DOJ/FTC Merger Review and Settlement Procedures in AppliedAntitrust.com |
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Class 5 |
Tuesday, September 10 Settlements Kroger/Albertsons
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Press Release, The Kroger Co., Kroger and Albertsons Companies Announce Comprehensive Divestiture Plan with C&S Wholesale Grocers, LLC in Connection with Proposed Merger (September 8, 2023) Unit 5. Merger Antitrust Settlements (class notes) There is no homework assignment for this class |
Case studies Albertsons/Safeway case study (complete) Agency materials: DOJ Makan Delrahim,Ass't Att'y Gen., U.S. Dep't of Justice, Antitrust Div., Improving the Antitrust Consensus, Prepared Remarks Before the New York State Bar Association Antitrust Section, New York, NY (Jan. 25, 2018) U.S. Dep't of Justice, Antitrust Div., Antitrust Division Manual Ch. 4 D: Negotiating and Entering Consent Decrees (5th ed. updated Mar. 2014) U.S. Dep't of Justice, Antitrust Div., Antitrust Division Policy Guide to Merger Remedies (rev. June 2011) (news release) Agency materials: FTC Fed. Trade Comm’n, Bureau of Competition, Negotiating Merger Remedies (Jan. 2012) Fed. Trade Comm'n, The FTC’s Merger Remedies 2006-2012: A Report of the Bureaus of Competition and Economics (Jan. 2017) (FTC news release) Dan Ducore & Naomi Licker, Bureau of Competition, Fed. Trade Comm'n, Looking Back (Again) at FTC Merger Remedies (Feb. 3, 2017) Fed. Trade Comm'n, Bureau of Competition, Frequently Asked Questions About Merger Consent Order Provisions (downloaded August 8, 2019) Deborah L. Feinstein, Dir., Bureau of Competition, Fed. Trade Comm'n, The Significance of Consent Orders in the Federal Trade Commission’s Competition Enforcement Efforts (Sept. 17, 2013) Other materials Jonathan M. Jacobson, Issues in Antitrust Consent Decrees, Presented to the Department of Justice Antitrust Division (Apr. 26, 2018) William J. Donovan & Breck P. McAllister, Consent Decrees in the Enforcement of Federal Anti-Trust Laws, 46 Harv. L. Rev. 885 (1933) (for some early history of the use of consent decrees in antitrust cases) |
Unit 6 |
Merger Antitrust Litigation |
For additional supplemental materials, see 14. Merger Antitrust Litigation in AppliedAntitrust.com |
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Class 6 |
Thursday, September 12 Litigating merger antitrust cases ABI/Grupo Modelo
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Unit 6. Merger Antitrust Litigation (class notes) |
Case study The Course of Litigation: EnergySolutions’ Acquisition of Waste Control Specialists (Nov. 16, 2016) ABI/Grupo Modelo ± Planet Money, Episode 438: Mavericks, Monopolies and Beer (Feb. 23, 2013) (ABI/Grupo Modelo) ± WSJ Explains, The Antitrust Lawsuit That Helped Make Modelo America’s Top Beer, WSJ.coml (Sept. 20, 2023) (video) ± Morning Brew, How Mexican Beer Conquered The American Beer Market (YouTube undated) |
Unit 7 |
Hertz/Avis Budget/Dollar Thrifty |
For additional supplemental materials, see 13. DOJ/FTC Merger Review and Settlement Procedures in AppliedAntitrust.com |
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Class 7 |
Tuesday, September 17 The 2010 Hertz/Dollar Thrifty deal
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There are no class notes for this class Class 7 homework assignment |
YouTube videos Present value of a perpetuity (perpetual annuity) |
Class 8 |
Thursday, September 19 Antitrust risk-shifting in the merger agreement The bidding war with Avis |
Allocating Antitrust Risk in Merger Agreements (class notes)
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Risk-shifting in Hertz/Dollar Thrifty Risk-shifting in Hertz/Dollar Thrifty (optional class notes) Risk-shifting generally For a collection of now somewhat datedd antitrust-related provisions appearing in merger agreements, see Dale Collins, Sample Antitrust-Related Provisions in M&A Agreements, AntitrustUnpacked.com (July 2, 2018) ± Scott Sher, Brendan Coffman & Alexandra Keck, Risk Allocation in Merger Agreements in an Era of Increased Enforcement (Oct. 23, 2020) ± Gail F. Levine, Martha E. McGarry, Andrew J. Noreuil, Camila Panama & William H. Stallings, Mayer Brown, M&A Lawyers Adapt to New Era of Antitrust Enforcement: How Contractual Provisions Are Evolving(Jan. 2023). ± Richard Hall & Maurio A. Fiore, Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP, U.S. Regulatory Merger Control Regimes Negotiating with Deal Delays in Mind (2023). ± Stephen Fraidin, Joel Mitnick, & Ross Steinberg, Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft LLP, Hell or High Water Provisions in Merger Agreements: A Practical Approach (May 25, 2022) ± Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP, “Hell Or High Water” Clauses in Merger & Acquisition Agreements (Aug. 19, 2022) + Dale Collins, Shearman & Sterling LLP, Antitrust Reverse Termination Fees—2020 Q3 Update (Dec. 28, 2020) (data set). Anthem/Cigna contract litigation In re Anthem-Cigna Merger Litig., No. CV 2017-0114-JTL, 2020 WL 5106556 (Del. Ch. Aug. 31, 2020) (unpublished), judgment entered, (Del. Ch. 2020), summarily aff'd sub nom. Cigna Corp. v. Anthem, Inc., 251 A.3d 1015 (Del. 2021) (unpublished) The Hertz/Avis Budget/Dollar Thifty bidding war Hertz/Avis Budget/Dollar Thrifty: The Bidding War for a collection on SEC materials and press releases on the bidding war for Dollar Thrifty between Hertz and Avis Budget. |
Unit 8 |
Competition Economics |
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Class 9 |
Tuesday, September 24
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Competition Economics Part 1 (class notes) There are no reading materials for this class
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Studies ± The Merger Working Group, International Competition Network, The Role of Economics and Economic Evidence in Merger Analysis (Apr. 2013). YouTube videos Revenue, Costs and Profit Part 1 Revenue, Costs and Profit Part 2 Revenue, Costs and Profit Part 3 Marginal Revolution University, The Demand Curve Marginal Revolution University, A Deeper Look at the Demand Curve Marginal Revolution University, The Demand Curve Shifts Marginal Revenue for a Monopolist Facing Linear Demand Finding a Revenue Function from a Linear Demand Function Marginal Revolution University, The Supply Curve Marginal Revolution University, A Deeper Look at the Supply Curve Marginal Revolution University, The Supply Curve Shifts Marginal Revolution University, The Equilibrium Price and Quantity Marginal Revolution University, Exploring Equilibrium Marginal Revolution University. Maximizing Profit Under Competition Commentary Dennis W. Carlton & Jeffrey M. Perloff, Modern Industrial Organization (4th ed. 2005). A Marginal Revenue Problem Step-by-Step (by Step) A Profit-Maximization Problem Step-by-Step (by Step) ± See also Dave Berry, Up in the Air on the Question of Gravity, Baltimore Sun, Mar. 16, 1997, at 3J
Really, really optional: If you want to understand derivatives and would like a quick introduction, see the following YouTube videos: Derivatives... What? (on the theory of derivatives) Derivatives... How? (on calculating the derivative--first 6.5 minutes is sufficient) |
Class 10 |
Thursday, September 26 Part 2. Markets and Market Equilibrium Substitutes, complements, and elasticities Perfectly competitive markets Perfectly monopolized markets Imperfectly competitive markets
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OPTIONAL |
Friday, September 27
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Optional economics review session |
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Unit 9 |
H&R Block/TaxACT |
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Class 11 |
Tuesday, October 1 Analysis of the district court opinion Institutional setting Market definition: (Brown Shoe factors) Introduction to the hypothetical monopolist test |
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Class 12 |
Thursday, October 3 Analysis of the district court opinion Market definition (critical loss tests) |
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Class 13 |
Tuesday, October 8 Analysis of the district court opinion Market definition (diversion ratio recapture tests) |
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Class 14 |
Thursday, October 10 Analysis of the district court opinion PNB presumption Ease of entry defense Coordinated effects Elimination of a "maverick" |
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Tuesday, October 15 |
LEGISLATIVE MONDAY NO CLASS |
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Class 15 |
Thursday, October 17 Analysis of the district court opinion Recapture unilateral effects Efficiencies defense |
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Unit 10 |
U.S. Sugar/Imperial Sugar |
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Class 16 |
Tuesday, October 22 Analysis of the district court opinion Product markets Geographic markets |
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Unit 11 |
Sysco/U.S. Foods |
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Class 17 |
Thursday, October 24 Analysis of the district court opinion Cluster markets Targeted customer markets Auction theory of unilateral effects Power buyer defense |
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Unit 12 |
Case Study Problem: Ice Cream Merger |
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Class 18 |
Tuesday, October 29 Review of the Class 18 homework assignment
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Class 19 |
Tuesday, October 29 Continue analysis of Class 18 homework assignment |
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Unit 13 |
Staples/Office Depot |
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Class 20 |
Tuesday, November 5 Analysis of the district court opinion |
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Unit 14 |
Potential Competition Mergers |
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Class 21 |
Thursday, November 7 Milan/Perrigo Medtronic/Covidien Mallinckrodt (Questcor)/Novartis) Steris/Synergy Health Meta/Within
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OPTIONAL |
Friday, November 8
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Unit 15 |
Vertical Mergers |
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Class 22 |
Tuesday, November 12 General Electric/Avio Comcast/NBCUniversal AT&T/Time Warner |
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Class 23 |
Thursday, November 14 AT&T/Time Warner (con't)
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Class 24 |
Tuesday, November 19 AT&T/Time Warner (con't) Coca-Cola/Coca-Cola Enterprises |
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Monday, November 20 |
GRADED HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT DUE BY 8:00 PM |
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Unit 16 |
Graded Homework Assignment |
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Class 25 |
Thursday, November 21 Analysis of district court opinion |
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Unit 17 |
UnitedHealth/Change Healthcare |
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Class 26 |
Tuesday, November 26 Analysis of district court opinion
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Final Review Session (optional) |
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OPTIONAL |
Wednesday, December 4
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OPTIONAL review session |
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FINAL EXAM |
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Friday, December 6 (8:30 AM) – |
5-hour Instructions for the 2023 exam NB: Some exams in the past have included two merger hypotheticals. This year the exam will contain only one hypothetical.
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